Strutture 4.1 Com'ãƒâ¨ Tua Madre? Possessives With Family Members D. Quale Possessivo?
Using the possessive in English
Possessive structures in English - utilise ofof and 's
"Should I utilise "of" or an "s" structure?"
Sadly there'south no absolute dominion to tell you whether y'all demand to use, or can utilise, a "possessive" class with "of", on ane with "'south".
The commonly repeated "rule" that yous tin "just employ 's with people" is quite wrong. It is a very broad generalisation, and at that place are
lotsof exceptions.
Besides, there are a lot of cases where, even with people, yous cannot utilise 'south . So here are the principal forms of "possession", and some testples to refellow member:
The first thing to make up one's mind is: is the "possessor" animate or inanimate?
1) Animates: Human POSSESSORS, OR Assimilated:
1.1. In cases of true possession: 's is normal. In many cases it will be essential
A1) The lady'due south automobile wouldn't showtime.
A2) The domestic dog's ball was blood-red..
With qualities, attributes or actions: 's is common.
A3) Madonna's reputation is international.
A4) The canis familiaris's name was Jackson.
A5) The Queen's inflow was delayed.
These tin can also be easily expressed using of.
A31) The reputation of Madonna is international.
A41) The proper name of the domestic dog was Jackson.
At that place is a difference in emphasis between the two alternatives: examples
- A3-A5 emphasize the possessor,
- A31 and A41 emphasize the quality or attribute.
In A5, the "possessor" is the subject field of the verbal substantive (arrival) following it.
Situations in which there is no selection:
Sometimes still, even though both forms are theoretically possible, the structure of a judgement will determine the choice of expression, every bit a word may have to stand next to other words qualifying it: for example
A32) The reputation of Madonna, the American vocalizer, is international
We tin Non say:
A32X) ** Madonna's reputation, the American singer, is international. **
Examples A1 and A2 will be rephrased using "of" if this is structurally essential:
A 11) The car of the lady I had tiffin with wouldn't start
Clearly, the other theoretical pick gives the incorrect meaning!
A 11x) **The lady'due south car I had tiffin with wouldn't start. **
1.two. Possessive adjectives:
There is no selection when possession is indicated by a possessive adjective, such as his, my, your, etc.
A61 Your loss is my gain
A62 I took my brother to see our grandfather.
A62xI took the brother of me to see the grandfather of us.
ane.3. Relating a part to a whole (animates)
Use of "of" is obligatory when expressing the relation of a proportion to a blended whole
A71 the balance of the people,
A72 the bulk of voters
A73 a quarter of the commission
We can NOT say:
A71x: the people'south rest,
A72x: the voters' majority
A73x: the commission's quarter
Of and 'southward are both possible (depending on sentence structure) when expressing the relation of a function to a unitary ( unmarried ) whole.
A8The human's arm was broken, or
A81 The arm of the human being was broken
1.three. 'southward with nouns already ending in south .
At that place is no hard dominion hither. Some writers use ...due south's, others prefer ...s' with no second s. Both forms are used, and dissimilar "government" give different "rules".
If there is whatever guideline, information technology is perhaps to adopt s'south with monosyllables, and prefer s' with longer words. The s's form is arguably preferable with monosyllables, such equally names normally used in spoken English. To write James' father when one would usually say 'James's father' (pronounced Jameziz begetter) may seem odd.... Still nothing is fixed. In London there is a famous park called St. James's Park. In Newcastle there is a famous football stadium called St. James' Park.
To continue with football, it would however exist unusual to write, of the former England team manager, Terry Venables's career..... Near people would write (and besides say) "Terry Venables' career...." : but neither form is unacceptable.
2. Inanimate possessors
For qualities, attributes, actions, or parts:Of is the usual structure, merely 's may exist possible;
The unusual "'s" form can exist used with some familiar nouns for stress, or for reasons of sentence structure.
B1 The cost of the operation was enormous.
B2 The condition of the appurtenances nosotros received was not very satisfactory
B3 The launch of the new book was very successful.
B31 The new volume's launch was very successful.
B4 Where's the chapeau of the bucket?
B5 The front of the motorcar was smashed upward.
B6 The deviation of the train was delayed for an 60 minutes.
B61 The train's departure was delayed for an hour.
In examples B3 and B6, the judgement could be rephrased using bailiwick and verb instead of the possessive structures.
B32 The new volume was launched very successfully (subj. + passive verb)
B62 the railroad train departed an hour later than planned (subj. + active verb)
2.1. Relating a part to a whole (inanimates) or a grouping to its constituents
The "of" class is normally obligatory when expressing the relation of a role to a whole (or a whole to its parts) when the function has no meaning unless it refers to a whole.
B7 the tiptop of the stairs .
(i.e. the word top is meaningless without reference to stairs)
B8 the back of the building
B9 The middle of the report
The aforementioned is usually true when expressing the relation of a unit to a group (or a grouping to its units) when the group is defined by the units of which it is equanimous.
B10 A drove of paintings
B11 A group of trees
We tin NOT say:
B71x: the stairs' superlative .
B81x: the building'south back.
B101xA paintings' collection
Yet at that place sometimes is a choice when the part is expressed equally describing word+substantive, or when the part is more important in the phrase than the whole (B thirteen, B131),
B12 The acme floor of the building
B121 The edifice'due south top floor
B 13 The roof of the edifice was on fire
B 131 The building'due south roof was on fire
3. Complemental noun groups
"of" is essential, except in a few specific cases.
C1) The theory of relativity. NOT : the relativity 's theory
C2) The Department of Linguistics.Not : the Linguistics's department
can often be rephrased as compounds , without 's:
C11) the relativity theory
C21) the Linguistics Section
Render to English language Grammer index
Source: https://linguapress.com/grammar/possessives.htm
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